Networking World

• Built-in Web and virtualization technologies.
  
• New virtualization tools, Web resources, and security enhancements.
  
• New tools, like Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.0 and Server Manager.
• Advanced security and reliability enhancements, such as Network Access Protection and the Read-Only Domain Controller, harden the operating system.
  

Earlier there was no database standard; hence TTU & ISO introduced X-500 standard

LDAP (Light Weight Directory Access Protocol):

It is an industry standard directory access protocol used for querying and providing communication among the objects in A.D.

It is directory access protocol.

It runs on the port no. 389.

DAP: It is based on OSI model.

LDAP: Is based on TCP/IP model

Is a centralized database where it contains the information about the objects like users, groups, computers, printers etc.

Active Directory is a centralized hierarchical Directory Database.

Active Directory is a searchable Database.

In Windows 2003/2000 Operating system. when we install them first time , they are not acting as a Domain Controller. we have to to promote them as D.C i-e We have to install A.D.

Domain Controller (D.C.)

A server where A.D. is installed is called D.C.

Functionality of A.D.:

Using A.D. we can organize, manage and control resources. It provides single point of administration.

Purpose of A.D.:

1. Provides user logon authentication services.
2. To organize and manage user A/Cs, computers, groups and n/w resources.
3. Enables authorized users to easily locate n/w resources.

Features of A.D.:

1. Fully integrated security system with the help of Kerberos.
2. Easy administration using group policy.
3. Scalable to any size n/w
4. Flexible (install/uninstall)
5. Extensible (modify the schema)

New features in 2003

6. Rename computer name & Domain names.
7. Cross –forest trust relationship.
8. Site-to-Site replication is faster.

The way of cabling or Physical layout or The architecture of a network
is called topology

For Examples
Bus, Star, Ring, and Mesh Topologies.

Bus Topology:

Components of Bus Topology:

1. Co-axial cable (back bone cable)
2. T- connectors
3. BNC (British Network Connector)
4. Terminator
5. Patch cable

Disadvantages of Bus:

If anything goes wrong with backbone cable whole network is down i-e it is the bottleneck.
Follows a serial communication.No more in use in these days.

Star Topology:

Star topology is an advanced version over bus topology. Where it uses either a hub or a switch in a center, it uses cat5/6 cables for connectivity. It uses connectors called (Recommend Jack) - RJ45 for termination.Star topology offers faster data transfer or processing.Bottleneck is switch pr hub in this case.

Ring Topology:

Ring topology is useful when we want redundancy (fault tolerance) we go with this type of topology.

Ring topology uses a device called MSAU. (Multi Station Access Unit)
It is a unit inside which a logical ring is formed. This ring ensures the availability of Network. The availability of ring ensures availability of network.It was basically implemented in IBM networks.

Logical Topologies are of two types

1. Work group.
2. Domain

Workgroup (peer to peer):

Collection of computers connected together to share the resources.
No servers are used.
Only Client OS is mostly used.
Any O/S like, DOS, 95, 98, workstation, win 2000 pro, and XP pro can be configured as work-group model.
Suitable for smaller organizations.
Where security is not the criteria.
No administrator is required
Where we are not using client server based applications. Like oracle, SQL and exchange etc.

Domain (Client/Server)

Domain is a collection of computers connected together with a server and users
Domain model can have servers like UNIX, Novell NetWare, WIN-NT server, 2000 server, and 2003 server.
Provides centralized administration.
Suitable for medium to large size networks/organizations.
Suitable when we have client server architecture (Back ends & front ends)
Domain offers security and provides logon authentication.
Suitable if security is criteria
Requires an administrator.

1) Local Area Network (LAN): Systems connected within the same geographical area is called LAN. A LAN can span 2 kilometers.

Components of LAN:

1. .NIC (Network Interface Card)
2. Cable – Co axial, cat5 or cat6
3. Hubs or Switches.

2) Metropolitan Area Networking: MAN is a combination of LANs or WANS located and connected within the same city.

Components of MAN:

1. Router
2. Brouter (Brouter is a combination of bridge or router)
3. ATM Switches
4. DSL connectivity (DSL – Digital Subscriber Link) ex: Star cables
.

3) Wide Area Networking (WAN): Interconnection of LANs or MANs located within the same geographical area or different area it depends on telecommunication services.

Components of wAN:

1. Router
2. Brouter (Brouter is a combination of bridge or router)
3. ATM Switches
4. DSL connectivity (DSL – Digital Subscriber Link) ex: Star cables